Globally, the great majority of urban dwellers, especially poor people, rely for their sanitation on non-sewered systems that generate a mix of solid and liquid wastes generally termed “fecal sludge.” In poor and rapidly expanding cities, fecal

Service levels as well as service efficiency of water supply continue to be poor across all Indian cities. Water PPPs in India have recorded significant achievements—notably a stated focus on leveraging private sector efficiencies for improved service delivery, rather than private sector finance alone.

Most of the world's population now lives in urban areas, and in developing regions the proportion living in cities and towns has risen from 35 percent in 1990 to 45 percent in 2010, from 1.4 billion to 2.5 billion people (Jacobsen et al. 2012).

Most people living in rural Indian villages defecate openly outside, without using a toilet or latrine. In 2004, as a supplement to its ongoing Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC), the government of Maharashtra conducted a randomized, controlled experiment to study the effect of a sanitation intervention.

A new WSP report, Linking Service Delivery Processes and Outcomes in Rural Sanitation: Findings from 56 Districts in India, finds that when higher quality of service delivery processes are adopted at the district level, it is more likely that households to sustain behaviors linked to toilet usage and safe disposal of child feces.

A new WSP working paper, What Does It Take to Scale Up Rural Sanitation?

The Water and Sanitation Program (WSP) has provided technical assistance to support government efforts to scale up rural sanitation since 2007 through Scaling Up Rural Sanitation (TSSM).

The Water and Sanitation Program undertook this study to conduct evidence based research to help advocacy in the sanitation sector. The study aims to empirically estimate the economic impacts of current poor sanitation conditions in Pakistan as well as the economic benefits of options for improved conditions.

Results-Based Financing (RBF) refers to a broad family of financial instruments. With RBF, public funding is provided
only if pre-specified results have been achieved. Its use in the sanitation sector has so far been limited, as opposed

This brochure summarizes key findings from the study, The Economic Impacts of Inadequate Sanitation in Bangladesh. The Economic Impacts of Inadequate Sanitation in Bangladesh finds that substantial economic losses are incurred ever year in Bangladesh as a result of inadequate sanitation.