This report aims to explore the nuances of the prevalence of on-site sanitation systems in large and dense villages of India.

In this paper, it is argued that women, because of being disproportionately affected by lack of sanitation, can influence the household to build a toilet at home and there fore reduce the incidence of open defecation .

Access to safe and reliable water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) is a critical precondition for providing a safe school environment that supports equal opportunities for high-quality education and healthy development of children.

Cities must ensure universal access to safe, reliable and affordable sanitation so that all urban residents can lead productive, healthy and thriving lives.

As Asia rapidly urbanizes, providing water and sanitation services has become problematic. Most developing country governments in the region cannot deliver the required services themselves, and the private sector is reluctant to invest due to the risks and low returns, especially for sanitation.

Question raised in Rajya Sabha on Eradication of manual scavenging, 27/11/2019.

The report is based on ‘Drinking Water, Sanitation, Hygiene and Housing Condition’ survey of NSS 76th round conducted during July - December 2018.

The National Statistical Office (NSO), Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation has conducted a survey on Drinking Water, Sanitation, Hygiene and Housing Condition as a part of 76th round of National Sample Survey (NSS).

Question raised in Lok Sabha on Open Defecation Free, 21/11/2019. The Government had launched Swachh Bharat Mission (Gramin) [SBM(G)] with effect from 2nd October, 2014 with the aim to attain Open Defecation Free (ODF) India by 2nd October, 2019 by providing access to toilet facilities to all the rural households in the country.

Question raised in Rajya Sabha on Prevention of manual scavenging deaths, 20/11/2019. Manual scavenging is prohibited under section 5 and 6 of the "Prohibition of Employment as Manual Scavengers and their Rehabilitation Act, 2013" (MS Act, 2013) from 06.12.2013, the date of coming into force of the Act.