Uncertainty is a common challenge to any long-term planning. This working paper takes stock of how long-term low-emission development strategies submitted to UNFCCC perceive and handle uncertainties, and how scenarios are used to illustrate different pathways that countries may take under uncertainty.

Technology transfer is one of the most contentious issues in international negotiations on climate change.

UN Climate Change launched its Annual Report, highlighting the progress made on tackling climate change in 2018 and the ways in which the international community can raise ambition and achieve the goals of the Paris Agreement.

The European Union (EU), as a party to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), reports annually on greenhouse gas (GHG) inventories for the years between 1990 and the current calendar year (t) minus two (t-2), for emissions and removals within the area covered by its Member States (i.e.

This publication explores emerging concepts, challenges, and key policy and law tools to help inform governments as they modernize public sector planning to better address 21st century change and advance their sustainable development goals.

Water is the most-cited pathway through which countries experience climate impacts, and also the most-often prioritised sector through which countries seek to build resilience in their economies, their populations’ livelihoods, and their natural ecosystems, as indicated in a 2016 UNFCCC study of 162 Nationally Determined Contributions.