Untold Billions: Fossil-fuel subsidies, their impacts and the path to reform is a series of papers examining the extent of fossil-fuel subsidies, their impact on climate change and sustainable development more broadly, and the challenges to their reform.

The electricity sector lies at the nexus of two urgent global imperatives: powering economic activities and livelihoods and reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the use of fossil fuels. The international community is looking to multilateral development banks (MDBs) to help developing countries balance these sometimes conflicting imperatives.

The Global Subsidies Initiative (GSI) recommends a three-step process to define, measure and evaluate subsidies; this process starts with a broad, crosssectoral application that narrows throughout the process. The benefits of this approach are that it is flexible enough to cover different national priorities and

Understanding the complex trade-offs between the economic, environmental and social impacts of subsidy reform is a challenge for any government considering phasing out fossil-fuel subsidies. Jennifer Ellis provides a detailed literature review, focusing on the six modelling studies in the last 20 years that have attempted to analyze global impacts for all fuels.

The latest issues of both the World Energy Outlook (WEO) and the World Economic and Social Survey (WESS) brought to the fore the importance and urgency of a low carbon revolution in order to align climate and development imperative and digress from

This GSI Policy Brief presents an overview of the status of the six blocks needed to undertake the reform of fossil-fuel subsidies at a global scale, with reference to the GSI