Groundwater in the carbonate aquifers of the southern Andhra Pradesh, India has approached to stress level as water table has declined due to increasing groundwater draft, low to moderate rainfall, less availability or absence of surface water sources and semi-arid climate. In Kallugotla watershed of Kurnool district, groundwater is overexploited for irrigation and static water level exhibit declining trend. In order to manage the aquifers for sustainable water supply, understanding and accurate assessment of groundwater recharge is necessary.

Artificial recharge to groundwater is steadily assuming importance in the wake of the decline in water level in several parts of the country. Recharge through an injection well is the most suitable option of artificial recharge for semi-confined and confined aquifers, especially in urban and industrial areas as it requires little space. Recharging capacity of a well is an important criterion in deciding the number of recharge structures required for large-scale planning of artificial recharge.

With the rapid population growth, ecological pressure caused by human activities on rivers is growing. Decision makers are often faced with the dilemma of how to maintain economic growth while also maintaining the resources of a river and its environment. In this study, a model has been proposed for the assessment of river–human relationship. The method establishes a complete index system to quantify the abstraction of river–human relationship and evaluation.