Mountain springs emanating naturally from unconfined aquifers are the primary source of water for rural households in the
Himalayan region. Due to the impacts of climate change on precipitation patterns such as rise in rainfall intensity, reduction in its temporal spread, and a marked decline in winter rain, coupled with other anthropogenic causes, the problem of dying springs is being increasingly felt across this region. This study was taken up in the Sikkim Himalaya, which has received limited attention

Water used by irrigated crops is obtained from three sources: local precipitation contributing to soil moisture available for root water uptake (i.e., green water), irrigation water taken from rivers, lakes, reservoirs, wetlands, and renewable groundwater (i.e., blue water), and irrigation water abstracted from nonrenewable groundwater and nonlocal water resources. Here we quantify globally the amount of nonrenewable or nonsustainable groundwater abstraction to sustain current irrigation practice.

Ground water abstraction is increasing day by day due to its increasing demand for various uses. Hosur union of Krishnagiri District, completely depends on ground water for drinking purpose, since the surface water from Penniyar River is very limited. In the present study the assessment of ground water quantity of this region is taken up, to ascertain the safe yield.

Urban habitats and high-rise multi-storey developments in urban India indicate new trends in infrastructure planning in water engineering. Along with water for industrial estates, SEZs and commercial centers; planning of water supply, sewerage, roads, urban drainage, and property services now warrants strengthening of urban local bodies and the water utilities. Cost recovery of after services, as a percentage of working expenses, is showing encouraging trend.