The Wetland ecosystem in India is spread over a wide range of varied climatic conditions, from the wetlands in
cold Jammu and Kashmir to hot and humid conditions in Peninsular India; thus there is a great diversity of these
wetlands. Many of these wetlands are unique with respect to biodiversity, scenic beauty, shelter of migratory birds,
resident avifauna, etc. Under the conservation of wetlands in India, several wetlands have been recognized that are a
part of National Parks and Sanctuaries.

Sustainably managing ecosystems is challenging, especially for complex systems such as coral reefs. This study develops critical reference points for sustainable management by using a large empirical dataset on the coral reefs of the western Indian Ocean to investigate associations between levels of target fish biomass (as an indicator of fishing intensity) and eight metrics of ecosystem state. These eight ecological metrics each exhibited specific thresholds along a continuum of fishable biomass ranging from heavily fished sites to old fisheries closures.

Sustainably managing ecosystems is challenging, especially for complex systems such as coral reefs. This study develops critical reference points for sustainable management by using a large empirical dataset on the coral reefs of the western Indian Ocean to investigate associations between levels of target fish biomass (as an indicator of fishing intensity) and eight metrics of ecosystem state. These eight ecological metrics each exhibited specific thresholds along a continuum of fishable biomass ranging from heavily fished sites to old fisheries closures.

Coral reef ecosystems are declining worldwide, yet regional differences in the trajectories, timing and extent of degradation highlight the need for in-depth regional case studies to understand the factors that contribute to either ecosystem sustainability or decline. We reconstructed social-ecological interactions in Hawaiian coral reef environments over 700 years using detailed datasets on ecological conditions, proximate anthropogenic stressor regimes and social change.

Middle and South Andaman Islands have a fairly good fringing reef ecosystem, particularly the North Bay, Chidiyatappu, Ross and Havelock Islands. These reefs are dominated by Porites lutea, Porites nigrescens and Acropora spp. The appearance of corals or part of them in white (bleaching) is known to be associated with stress, which may be induced by sudden increase of sea-surface temperature (SST). 

Original Source

Climate change scenarios suggest an increase in tropical ocean temperature by 1–3°C by 2099, potentially killing many coral reefs. But Arabian/Persian Gulf corals already exist in this future thermal environment predicted for most tropical reefs and survived severe bleaching in 2010, one of the hottest years on record. Exposure to 33–35°C was on average twice as long as in non-bleaching years. Gulf corals bleached after exposure to temperatures above 34°C for a total of 8 weeks of which 3 weeks were above 35°C.