In this paper, an attempt is made to understand various dimensions of the relationship between the electricity system and politics in colonial Madras presidency between 1900 and 1947. The colonial government, which introduced new technological systems such as electricity, had its own economic and political priorities.

Since Independence, there has been substantial growth in the power sector. Generating capacity in India which was only about 1400 MW at the time of Independence has increased to about 1,59,399 MW as on 31.03.2010

The oil and gas sector in India is the largest in terms of sales turnover, touching the lives of all citizens, providing uninterrupted supplies of oil products to the remotest parts of the country. The oil sector is the largest contributor to State exchequer through taxes.

Energy is a prime requirement for sustainable development and poverty reduction. The energy dimension of poverty is fundamental. Lack of energy/electricity perpetuates poverty as it precludes most industrial activities and the jobs they create.

This paper brings out the requirements for a sustainable and affordable energy and transport scenario. The demand/supply gap for the next twenty-five years has also been vividly brought out.

NHPC Ltd, previously called National Hydroelectric Power Corporation, is the main vehicle of the Government of India