The future of the global energy system is deeply uncertain, and the choices that are made in the coming years will have enormous consequences for the future of the climate and, indeed, human civilization.

This annual Global Energy Outlook report examines a range of projections for the global energy system, summarizing key implications for global energy consumption, emissions, and geopolitics.

The Global Energy Outlook report examines a range of projections for the global energy system, summarizing key implications for global energy consumption, emissions, and geopolitics. The global energy system faces deep uncertainty in the near, medium, and long terms.

Amid renewed urgency to achieve deep reductions in global greenhouse gas emissions, this paper analyses the mechanisms of international diffusion of climate policies and the role these mechanisms play in the domestic adoption of such policies.

The macro-financial transition risks that result from disorderly transitions to a carbon-free or low-carbon economy may entail significant costs due to the risk of stranded assets, defaults, collapse in stock market value, both for financial firms and non-financial firms.

As parts of the world begin to recover from the COVID-19 pandemic, a fundamental shift in the global energy system is needed to avoid the worst impacts of climate change.

Electric vehicles (EVs) represent a promising step towards lowering greenhouse gas emissions from the transportation sector—but this report finds that EVs will continue to play a small part in emissions reductions over the next five years with larger contributions in the decade after.

A number of policies are extremely popular with Americans in 2020 and have been consistently popular across past surveys as well. For example, huge numbers of Americans favor government effort to shift electricity generation away from fossil fuels and toward renewable energy sources.

To support the African ChemObs project (the Integrated Health and Environment Observatories and Legal and Institutional Strengthening for the Sound Management of Chemicals in Africa), we provide a critical review of methodologies for valuing the health damages from policy inaction associated with chemical exposures.

The impact of climate change on economic growth has received considerable attention in recent years based on several macro-econometric studies estimating the impact of country-level temperatures on GDP growth rates.