Most countries in the Commonwealth are involved in planning urban transportation futures to combat climate change. The proposed technical fixes will have little impact unless urban transportation planners resist the move toward infrastructure development that fixes our future to high energy use and CO2 emissions.

This paper reviews the methods and technologies for congestion pricing of roads. Congestion tolls can be implemented at scales ranging from individual lanes on single links to national road networks. Tolls can be differentiated by time of day, road type and vehicle characteristics, and even set in real time according to current traffic conditions.

This analysis investigates the ability of nonmotorized travel (walking, cycling) to help achieve transportation planning objectives. It indicates that nonmotorized travel provides significant benefits, and that these benefits can increase with cost effective incentives.