The impact of different boundary layer source regions in Asia on the chemical composition of the Asian monsoon anticyclone, considering its intraseasonal variability in 2012, is analysed by simulations of the Chemical Lagrangian Model of the Stratosphere (CLaMS) using artificial emission tracers. The horizontal distribution of simulated CO, O3, and artificial emission tracers for India/China are in good agreement with patterns found in satellite measurements of O3 and CO by the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS).

The El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) influences global climate as well as extreme weather events such as floods, droughts, and tropical cyclones, leading to large societal impacts globally have shown that El Niño—the warm phase of ENSO—effectively discharges oceanic heat into the central to eastern North Pacific basin through the subsurface ocean after its wintertime peak, resulting in high tropical cyclone activity during the following tropical cyclone peak season in the eastern North Pacific, which has significant implications for seasonal prediction of tropical cyclone activity in the