This report uses rigorous hydrodynamic and economic models to value the coastal flood protection services of mangroves globally, and identifies the places where mangroves provide the greatest risk reduction benefits to people and property.

The majority of the five million people that live in the deltaic Indian Sundarbans face continuous uncertainties in relation to their shelter, livelihoods, and health. Climate change is one of the key factors aggravating this situation.

This report discusses in detail the occurrence of coastal land salinity, its impact on crop yield and environment, and various management techniques to mitigate the adverse impacts, including those of coastal flooding arising from storm surges and anticipated climate change.

Coastal areas have been centers of human activity throughout history and current trends indicate that migration toward these zones is continuing.

The aim of this assessment report is twofold, such that it: maps the migration– environment nexus in Kenya by looking at human mobility due to environmental change; and examines existing policy and legal frameworks and offers guidance in mainstreaming migration in Kenya’s national planning of different sectors and at different levels.