Understanding the complex trade-offs between the economic, environmental and social impacts of subsidy reform is a challenge for any government considering phasing out fossil-fuel subsidies. Jennifer Ellis provides a detailed literature review, focusing on the six modelling studies in the last 20 years that have attempted to analyze global impacts for all fuels.

China

This research aims to assess economic and social impacts of 20% biofuels blending mandate by 2017, using forward-looking dynamic CGE model that can model transitional dynamics of the economy. Start from a simple version of the model, then later incorporate important issues gradually.

The issues of biofuels and invasive species have rarely been tackled together. These guidelines aim to fill this gap by highlighting the risks of biological invasion by species introduced for biofuels production and to provide constructive recommendations on how to prevent the introduction, establishment and spread of invasive species resulting from biofuel developments.

This report presents an assessment of the current and projected progress of EU Member States, EU candidate countries and other EEA member countries towards their respective targets under the Kyoto Protocol and of progress towards the EU target for 2020.