Urban metabolism studies have been established for only a few cities worldwide, and difficulties obtaining adequate statistical data are universal. Constraints and peculiarities call for innovative methods to quantify the materials entering and leaving city boundaries.

This paper outlines the integrated approach in decentralised planning, designing and execution of master plan 2025 for the treatment and disposal of sewage of Pune city.

Systems dynamics, cellular automata, agent-based modeling, and network analyses have been used in population, land use, and transport planning models.

The biggest challenge facing humankind is to reconcile the impact of humans with the ability of our planet Earth to provide resources and absorb waste. This "crisis" presents a potentially pivotal opportunity for architects, who have a crucial role to play in addressing this challenge. Sustainable cities are the building blocks of a peaceful and sustainable world.