The experience feedback on a crisis that hit a city is frequently used as a "recollection" tool. To capitalize information about an experience feedback from the cities that have been affected by a natural hazard, the authors propose in this study a functional model to model scenarios of city crises. In this model, the city, considered as a complex system, was modelled using a functional analysis method. Based on such modelling, two risk analysis methods (Failure Mode and Effect Analysis and Event Tree Method) were deployed and adjusted.

The provision of reliable and adequate drinking water services in rural communities is important. Here, the researchers reported on a study that evaluated the respondents’ willingness to pay for water services in the two communities in Mutale Local Municipality, South Africa. The study was accomplished through open-ended questionnaire interviews with selected respondents. The study showed that respondents were dissatisfied with the unreliable water services (89.9%) but were willing to pay for water services to secure reliable water services (95.5%).

The study analysed that water pollution and water borne diseases. Water is one of the most important natural resources for all living organisms. Water pollution is a serious threat around the globe. Water pollution is generally referred to contamination of natural water resources. Man has polluted much of this limited quantity of water with sewage, industrial wastes and wide array of synthetic chemicals. Water-borne diseases are infectious diseases spread primarily through contaminated water. The present study was carried out Coimbatore district in TamilNadu.