Litter production varied greatly with plantation age and stem density in E. camaldulensis being high in 12-year old plantation. Lowest litter production was in 4-year old plantation. Bimodal pattern of litter fall was observed in younger plantation where, two peaks of varied intensity were observed in summer and winter.

Hydrocarbon-inducible cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A) expression was measured, as ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity, in livers of wintering harlequin ducks (Histrionicus histrionicus) captured in areas of Prince William Sound, Alaska, USA, oiled by the 1989 Exxon Valdez spill and in birds from nearby unoiled areas, during 2005 to 2009 (up to 20 years following the spill).

Global human population has been expanding exponentially, from 2.5 billion in 1950 to ~6 billion in 2000, and is likely to reach 10 billion by 2050, and thus the demand for natural resources is significantly increasing. It has resulted in rapid, extensive and persistent changes in earth ecosystems, more in the past 50 years than at any time in human history.

In this article the issue of environment has been examined in depth from the ethical point of view. Environment and climate change are one of the biggest challenges facing humanity. Ethics can be defined as a set of standards that society places on itself which helps guide actions, options and behavior.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of forest fire on forest structure in the peat swamp forest. The study was conducted in Raja Musa Forest Reserve which has been experiencing fire occurrences since 1996. Ten plots each measuring 50x20 m were systematically set up both in the burnt and unburnt area and plant inventory were conducted between September 2001 to June 2002.