Traditional methods for estimating malaria transmission based on mosquito sampling are not standardized and are unavailable in many countries in sub-Saharan Africa. Such studies are especially difficult to implement when transmission is low, and low transmission is the goal of malaria elimination. Malaria-control efforts in Senegal have resulted in changes in population genomics evidenced by increased allele sharing among parasite genomes, often including genomic identity between independently sampled parasites.

The evolution of drug resistance is a major health threat. In chronic infections with rapidly mutating pathogens—including HIV, tuberculosis, and hepatitis B and C viruses—multidrug resistance can cause even aggressive combination drug treatment to fail. Oftentimes, individual drugs within a combination do not penetrate equally to all infected regions of the body.

The increasing frequency of zoonotic disease events underscores a need to develop forecasting tools toward a more preemptive approach to outbreak investigation. We apply machine learning to data describing the traits and zoonotic pathogen diversity of the most speciose group of mammals, the rodents, which also comprise a disproportionate number of zoonotic disease reservoirs.

Environmental management inevitably involves trade-offs among different objectives, values, and stakeholders. Most evaluations of such trade-offs involve monetary valuation or calculation of aggregate production of ecosystem services, which can mask individual winners and losers. We combine a participatory, modeling, and scenarios approach to identify social–ecological trade-offs in a tropical fishery and the implications on well-being of different stakeholders.

The city of Kolkata is one of the most urbanized and densely populated regions in the world and a major industrial and commercial hub of the eastern and northeastern region of India. In order to classify the seismic risk zones of Kolkata we used seismic hazard exposures on the vulnerability components, namely land use/land cover, population density, building typology, age and height.

Smoldering peat fires in Indonesia are responsible for large quantities of trace gas and particulate emissions. However, to date no satellite remote sensing technique has been demonstrated for the identification of smoldering peat fires. Fires have two distinct combustion phases: a high temperature flaming and low temperature smoldering phases. The flaming phase temperature is approximately twice that of the smoldering phase. This temperature differential results in a spectral displacement of the primary radiant emissions of the two combustion phases.

Four-year ground-level measurements of the two primary greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4)) were conducted at Dongsha Island (DSI), situated in the northern South China Sea (SCS), from March 2010 to February 2014. Their mean mixing ratios are calculated to be 396.3 ± 5.4 ppm and 1863.6 ± 50.5 ppb, with an annual growth rate of +2.19 ± 0.5 ppm yr–1 and +4.70 ± 4.4 ppb yr–1 for CO2 and CH4, respectively, over the study period.

Though measles is a vaccine preventable disease, outbreaks still continue to occur because of poor immunization coverage rate at the national level. The objective of the study was to report the survey results of an outbreak of measles in Puraini village of Madhepura district in Bihar, India.

Original Source

Human–tiger conflicts have been a major issue in the Terai-Arc Landscape (TAL), in northern India, ever since human settled in the region. For managing such issues, authorities are compelled to eliminate/relocate tigers whenever there is recurrent killing of human beings. But identifying the individual tiger/tigress, involved in conflicts has remained a challenge for wildlife manager as misidentification may lead to the elimination of the wrong individual that do not mitigate the conflict at all.

Wildlife diseases can present significant threats to ecological systems and biological diversity, as well as domestic animal and human health. However, determining the dynamics of wildlife diseases and understanding the impact on host populations is a significant challenge. In Hawai‘i, there is ample circumstantial evidence that introduced avian malaria (Plasmodium relictum) has played an important role in the decline and extinction of many native forest birds.