Water erosion caused by accelerated anthropogenic activities has been perceived as the major source of sediment flow in Himalayan catchments. Keeping this in view, the sediment flux data measured at the outlet
of the Sainj and the Tirthan watersheds in the Lesser Himalayan region was analysed.

Using over 1.6 million profiles of salinity, potential temperature, and neutral density from historical archives and the international Argo Program, this study develops the three-dimensional field of multidecadal linear change for ocean-state properties. The period of analysis extends from 1950 to 2008, taking care to minimize the aliasing associated with the seasonal and major global El Niño–Southern Oscillation modes. Large, robust, and spatially coherent multidecadal linear trends in salinity to 2000-dbar depth are found.

Snow and glacial melt are important hydrologic process in the Himalayan basins and changes in temperature and precipitation are expected to seriously affect the melt characteristics. Melt water is extremely important in the Indus basin and important for the Brahmaputra basin.

The decline of groundwater levels in India by 5-10 m is usually explained as a result of the increased number of tubewells and a decline in average annual rainfall. This article argues that the decline is the product of the destruction of indigenous systems for storing runoff water, which are essential because rainy days are very few and erratic.