Variations in climate, land-use and water consumption
can have profound effects on river runoff. There
is an increasing demand to study these factors at the regional

Ram Ganga river water at 10 different sites at Moradabad were collected and analysed at pre monsoon period and after the onset of monsoon following standard methods of sampling and testing. River water is found to be contaminated with reference to almost all the physico-chemical parameters studied at almost all the sites of sampling for pre-monsoon period as well as after the onset of monsoon.

The tropical monsoon rhythm for over centuries obviously occasioned the development of water works which facilitated wet rice cultivation in pre-modern Southeast Asia.

Being an integral effect of sub-seasonal rain spells over the season, the seasonal mean south Asian monsoon (SAM) rainfall could be affected by change in the length of the rainy season (LRS). An objective definition of the duration of the SAM season has, however, been lacking.