The knowledge of the surface temperature is important to a range of issues and themese in earth sciences central to urban climatology, global environmental change and human-environment interactions.

The present investigation was carried out to study the distribution of biomass in different land uses viz., chir pine, ban oak, deodar, other broadleaves, culturable and un-culturable land uses, distributed in five forest ranges i.e., Dharampur, Parwanoo, Solan, Kandaghat and Subathu along altitudinal gradient from 900 to 2100 of Solan Forest Division, Himachal Pradesh.

Understanding the forces that drove policy in the past can inform expectations of the effectiveness of policy implementation today. Forest policies of countries with forested frontiers transition through stages of forest management, reflecting the orientation of governments toward economic development.

If an entrepreneur is a creative person, or someone who takes risks and innovates, then small-scale farmers are definitely entrepreneurs. Their role as such, however, faces many challenges, of which accessing markets is only one of them.

Participatory rural appraisal techniques and a survey of 100 households were used to evaluate livestock production, and pastoral development of the Maasai in Mara. It was observed that patterns of land-use have principally changed from nomadic pastoralism to sedentary pastoralism, agropastoralism, and, in some cases, pure cultivation.