This Briefing summarises preliminary findings from research conducted for the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD).

The publication seeks to advance the integration of climate change into development work, arguing that the full engagement of sub-national authorities is important to move the climate change and development agendas forward.

Human-induced eutrophication, or nutrient overenrichment, is a rapidly growing environmental crisis in freshwater and marine systems worldwide. Nutrients that cause eutrophication include nitrogen and phosphorus.

This report makes clear that there are many different approaches to renewable energy policy. Many factors influence the approaches that local governments choose. Some of these include
geographic resource availability, financing availability, relationship to state and national governments, local regulatory authority and legal jurisdiction, social and cultural conditions,

This paper examines the cost of a range of national, regional and global mitigation policies and the corresponding incentives for countries to participate in ambitious international mitigation actions.

Sustainable development depends on intact ecosystems and their services. This is why environmental protection in the context of sustainable development is a key concern in development cooperation.

This paper reviews the literature on the fiscal policy
instruments commonly used to reduce transport sector
externalities. The findings show that congestion charges
would reduce vehicle traffic by 9 to 12 percent and
significantly improve environmental quality. The vehicle
tax literature suggests that every 1 percent increase in
vehicle taxes would reduce vehicle miles by 0.22 to 0.45